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Supply Chain Management

"Supply chain management (SCM) is the management of a network of interconnected businesses involved in the ultimate provision of product and service packages required by end customers (Harland, 1996)"

"Supply chain management (SCM) is the combination of art and science that goes into improving the way your company finds the raw components it needs to make a product or service and deliver it to customers (Worthen & Wailgum, 2008)"

"Supply chain management (SCM) is the oversight of materials, information, and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer (SearchCIO.com, 2009)".


Dari dua definisi di atas, dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa Supply chain management (SCM) adalah sebuah teknik manajemen pengelolaan aliran produk yang terorganisir mulai dari pengadaan bahan baku, proses produksi hingga ke rantai paling akhir yaitu konsumen. Tujuan utama dari SCM adalah agar dicapai aliran produk yang efektif dan efisien sehingga keuntungan yang diperoleh optimal.

Sistem informasi memiliki peranan penting dalam kesuksesan SCM yang dilakukan. Sistem informasi tersebut harus dapat menyediakan semua informasi yang dibutuhkan, antara lain mengenai:
  • informasi pendukung seperti data permintaan, peramalan, kolaborasi potensial,
  • supplier bahan baku,
  • inventory bahan baku dan produk jadi,
  • proses produksi,
  • jaringan distribusi,
  • pihak ke-3 penyedia layanan,
  • finansial, dan
  • konsumen.
Sistem informasi yang dibutuhkan hendaknya berbasis aplikasi web yang dapat menyediakan informasi secara real-time, sehingga proses pengambilan keputusan dalam SCM dapat berjalan dengan baik.

5 komponen dasar SCM adalah (Worthen & Wailgum, 2008):

1. Plan,
Awal kesuksesan SCM adalah pada proses penentuan strategi SCM. Tujuan utama dari proses perumusan strategi adalah agar tercapainya efisiensi dan efektivitas biaya dan terjaminnya kualitas produk yang dihasilkan hingga sampai ke konsumen.

2. Source,
Perusahaan harus memilih supplier bahan baku yang kredibel dan senggup untuk mendukung proses produksi yang akan dilakukan. Oleh sebab itu manejer SCM harus dapat menetapkan harga, mengelola pengiriman dan pembayaran bahan baku, serta menjaga dan meningkatkan hubungan bisnis terhadap supplier.

3. Make,
Komponen ini adalah tahap manufacturing. Manejer SCM melakukan penyusunan jadwal aktivitas yang dibutuhkan dalam proses produksi, uji coba produk, pengemasan dan persiapan pengiriman produk. Tahap ini merupkan tahap yang paling penting dalam SCM. Perusahaan juga harus mampu melakukan pengukuran kualitas, output produksi, dan produktivitas pekerja.

4. Deliver,
Perusahaan memenuhi order dari permintaan konsumen, mengelola jarigan gudang penyimpanan, memilih distributor untuk menyerahkan produk ke konsumen, dan mengatur sisem pembayaran.

5. Return,
Perencana SCM harus membuat jaringan yang fleksibel dan responsif untuk produk cacat dari konsumen dan membentuk layanan aduan konsumen yang memiliki masalah dengan produk yang dikirimkan.

Dengan demikian, hendaknya perusahaan selalu membuat laporan performansi bisnis mereka secara rutin. Sehingga pimpinan perusahaan dapat mengetahui perubahan performa bisnis yang telah dilakukan sesuai dengan tujuan awal dari SCM yang telah ditetapkan.

Referensi:

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